Example Analysis

Code

# Load libraries
library(tidyverse)
library(jsonlite)
library(dplyr)
library(ggplot2)
library(purrr)
library(sf)
library(knitr)
path = here::here()

Objective

In this analysis, we want to understand the mortality trends in Baltimore, focusing on how various socioeconomic factors, such as vehicle availability, internet access, and fast food density, affect mortality rates across different age groups. The target audience for the analysis includes anyone that might be curious about public health and the mortality trends in Baltimore.

Data

The data for this analysis was sourced from Open Baltimore - a data set from the Baltimore City Health Department. Open Baltimore contains the urls for JSON files containing the data we need. Neighbourhood-specific mortality data for six different age groups (Infant, 1-14, 15-24, 25-44, 45-64, and 65-84) were collected for between 2011 and 2018.

We also downloaded socioeconomic data such as Percent of Households with No Vehicle Available, Percent of Households with No Internet at Home, and Fast Food Outlet Density per 1,000 Residents.

Next, we load the JSON files that were retrieved from the urls in Open Baltimore.

Code

# Load libraries
library(tidyverse)

# Load raw data
open_baltimore = read.csv("data/raw/Open Baltimore.csv")

# Filter data to only include rows that contain the word "mortality"
mortality_data = open_baltimore %>% 
  filter(grepl("mortality", title, ignore.case = TRUE) |
         grepl("mortality", description, ignore.case = TRUE))

# Download json mortality data
mortality_urls = paste0(mortality_data$url, 
              "/0/query?where=1%3D1&outFields=*&outSR=4326&f=json")

## Helper function to extract ages from the title of each mortality data file
extract_ages = function(title) {
  if (!grepl("\\d+-\\d+", title)) {
    return("infant")
  }
  
  else {
    return(stringr::str_extract(title, regex("\\d+-\\d+")))
  }
}

ages = mapply(extract_ages, mortality_data$title)
mortality_filenames = paste0("data/json/mortality_", ages, ".json")
mapply(curl::curl_download, urls, filenames)

# Download the data for (1) percentage of households with no vehicles available, 
# (2) percentage of households with no internet at home, and (3) fast food 
# outlet density per 1,000 residents.

socioeconomic_data = open_baltimore %>% 
  filter(grepl("Percent of Households with No Vehicles Available", title, ignore.case = TRUE) |
           grepl("Percent of Households with No Internet at Home", title, ignore.case = TRUE) |
           grepl("Fast Food Outlet Density per 1,000 Residents", title, ignore.case = TRUE))

socioeconomic_urls = paste0(socioeconomic_data$url, 
              "/0/query?where=1%3D1&outFields=*&outSR=4326&f=json")

socioeconomic_filenames = c("data/json/fastfood.json", "data/json/no_vehicles.json", "data/json/no_internet.json")
mapply(curl::curl_download, urls, filenames)

After loading the data, we extract important features, such as mortality rate and transform the data to long format for visualization. An example of how this is done is below.

Code

# Function to extract attributes from the JSON structure
extract_attributes <- function(json_data) {
  map_df(json_data$features, ~ .x$attributes)
}

# Read mortality data for each age group
mortality_infant <- read_json(paste0(path,"/data/json/mortality_infant.json")) %>% extract_attributes()
mortality_1_14 <- read_json(paste0(path, "/data/json/mortality_1-14.json")) %>% extract_attributes()
mortality_15_24 <- read_json(paste0(path, "/data/json/mortality_15-24.json")) %>% extract_attributes()
mortality_25_44 <- read_json(paste0(path, "/data/json/mortality_25-44.json")) %>% extract_attributes()
mortality_45_64 <- read_json(paste0(path, "/data/json/mortality_45-64.json")) %>% extract_attributes()
mortality_65_84 <- read_json(paste0(path, "/data/json/mortality_65-84.json")) %>% extract_attributes()

# Read predictor data (e.g., no internet, no vehicles, fast food)
no_internet <- read_json(paste0(path, "/data/json/no_internet.json")) %>% extract_attributes()
no_vehicles <- read_json(paste0(path, "/data/json/no_vehicles.json")) %>% extract_attributes()
fast_food <- read_json(paste0(path, "/data/json/fastfood.json")) %>% extract_attributes()

# Reshape data to long format for plotting
reshape_to_long = function(data, age_group, prefix, value) {
  data %>%
    select(CSA2010, starts_with(prefix)) %>%
    pivot_longer(cols = starts_with(prefix), names_to = "year", values_to = paste0(value, "_rate")) %>%
    mutate(year = as.integer(str_extract(year, "\\d+$")),
           age_group = age_group)
  # data$mean = rep(mean(data$morality_rate), nrow(data))
}

mortality_data <- bind_rows(
  reshape_to_long(mortality_infant, "Infant", "mort1", "mort"),
  reshape_to_long(mortality_1_14, "1-14", "mort14", "mort"),
  reshape_to_long(mortality_15_24, "15-24", "mort24", "mort"),
  reshape_to_long(mortality_25_44, "25-44", "mort44", "mort"),
  reshape_to_long(mortality_45_64, "45-64", "mort64", "mort"),
  reshape_to_long(mortality_65_84, "65-84", "mort84", "mort"))
mortality_data$year = mortality_data$year + 2000
mean_mortality = mortality_data %>% group_by(age_group, year) %>% summarise(mean_mort = mean(mort_rate, na.rm = TRUE))

After reading in theh JSON files and extracting our desired features, the data dictionary looks like this.

Code

head(mortality_data)

# A tibble: 6 × 4
  CSA2010                        year mort_rate age_group
  <chr>                         <dbl>     <dbl> <chr>    
1 Allendale/Irvington/S. Hilton  2011     14.8  Infant   
2 Allendale/Irvington/S. Hilton  2012     16.9  Infant   
3 Allendale/Irvington/S. Hilton  2013     14.1  Infant   
4 Allendale/Irvington/S. Hilton  2014     11.4  Infant   
5 Allendale/Irvington/S. Hilton  2015     10.6  Infant   
6 Allendale/Irvington/S. Hilton  2016      8.99 Infant

Results

We used a variety of plots to visualize the relationships between socioeconomic covariates and mortality rates over time and across age groups. Scatter plots and trend lines were used to show correlations, and spatial maps were generated to highlight geographical variations in mortality.

Useful packages

Here is a list of core functions that were used in the analysis: ggplot2 : geom_histogram(), geom_jitter(), geom_line() tidyr : pivot_longer() dplyr : group_by(), mutate(), select(), summarise()

Mortality Over Time by Age Group

Figure 1 visualizes mortality rates across multiple age groups (Infant, 1-14, 15-24, 25-44, 45-64, and 65-84) from 2011 to 2018.

We notice that…

Infant Mortality: While lower than the older age groups, there are notable spikes in infant mortality, particularly in 2016.
Youth (1-14 and 15-24): These groups maintain relatively low mortality rates over time.
Older Age Groups (45-64 and 65-84): These groups consistently exhibit higher mortality rates compared to younger groups. The mortality rate in these groups shows some fluctuations, but overall, the trend remains stable over time.

Code

# Plot mortality rates for each age group over time
ggplot(mortality_data, aes(x = as.factor(year), y = mort_rate, color = age_group)) +
  geom_jitter(alpha = 0.7) +
  geom_line(data = mean_mortality, aes(x = as.factor(year), y = mean_mort, group = age_group), size = 1.5) + 
  facet_wrap(~age_group, scales = "free", ncol = 2) +
  theme_minimal() +
  labs(title = "Mortality Rate Over Time",
       subtitle = "Stratefied by Age Group",
       x = "Year",
       y = "Mortality Rate") +
  scale_color_brewer("Age Group", palette = "Blues") +
  theme(legend.position = c(.77,.98), 
        legend.direction ="horizontal",
        legend.text = element_text(size = 8),
        legend.title = element_text(size = 8),
        strip.background = element_blank(),
        strip.text = element_blank())

Figure 1: Mortality Over Time by Age Group

Socioeconomic Covariates vs. Mortality Rates

The first panel shows the distributions of each socioeconomic covariate across Baltimore neighbourhoods. The remaining panels illustrate the relationships between each of the socioeconomic covariates and mortality rates, stratified by age group. For each covariate, we isolated the data to years where mortality data was also reported.

Note

Note that the caption in each panel summarizes some insights about the figure.

Code

# Adding covariates to data frame
fastfd_data = reshape_to_long(fast_food[,1:5], "", "Fastfd", "fastfd") %>% 
  subset(select = -c(age_group))
fastfd_data$year = fastfd_data$year + 2000
fastfd_mortality_data = inner_join(mortality_data, fastfd_data, 
                                   by = c("CSA2010", "year")) 
nohhint_data = reshape_to_long(no_internet[,1:4], "", "nohhint", "nohhint") %>% 
  subset(select = -c(age_group))
nohhint_data$year = nohhint_data$year + 2000
nohhint_mortality_data = inner_join(mortality_data, nohhint_data, 
                                   by = c("CSA2010", "year")) 

novhcl_data = reshape_to_long(no_vehicles[,1:10], "", "novhcl", "novhcl") %>% 
  subset(select = -c(age_group))
novhcl_data$year = novhcl_data$year + 2000
novhcl_mortality_data = inner_join(mortality_data, novhcl_data, 
                                   by = c("CSA2010", "year")) 

# Plot distribution of fast food density
D1 = ggplot(fastfd_data, aes(x = fastfd_rate)) +
  geom_histogram(aes(y=..density..), bins = 50, alpha = 0.5, fill = "blue") +
  theme_minimal() +
  labs(title = "Distribution of Fast Food Outlet Density per 1,000 Residents",
       x = "Fast Food Outlet Density per 1,000 Residents",
       y = "Frequency") 
 
# Plot distribution of percentage of households with no internet
D2 = ggplot(nohhint_data, aes(x = nohhint_rate)) +
  geom_histogram(aes(y=..density..), bins = 50, alpha = 0.5, fill = "blue") +
  theme_minimal() +
  labs(title = "Distribution of Percent of Households with No Internet at Home",
       x = "Percent of Households with No Internet at Home",
       y = "Frequency") 

# Plot distribution of percentage of households with no internet
D3 = ggplot(novhcl_data, aes(x = novhcl_rate)) +
  geom_histogram(aes(y=..density..), bins = 50, alpha = 0.5, fill = "blue") +
  theme_minimal() +
  labs(title = "Distribution of Percent of Households with No Vehicles Available",
       x = "Percent of Households with No Vehicles Available",
       y = "Frequency") 
gridExtra::grid.arrange(D1, D2, D3, ncol = 1)

Figure 2: Visualizing the sociodemographic characteristics of the population.

Fast Food Outlet Density: The distribution is heavily skewed towards low fast food density per 1,000 residents with a few outliers.
Percentage of Households with No Internet at Home: A notable proportion of households have no internet access, with the distribution showing multiple peaks around 15-20% and 25-35%.
Percentage of Households with No Vehicles Availabile: A notable percentage of households lack vehicle access, with the median falling around 30% and some areas reaching over 60%.

Code

# Relationship between Fast Food Density and Mortality 
ggplot(fastfd_mortality_data, aes(x = mort_rate, y = fastfd_rate, color = as.factor(year))) +
  geom_jitter(alpha = 0.7) +
  geom_smooth() +
 facet_wrap(~age_group, scales = "free", ncol = 2) +
  theme_minimal() +
  labs(title = "Fast Food Density vs. Mortality Rate",
       subtitle = "Stratefied by Age Group",
       x = "Mortality Rate",
       y = "Fast Food Outlet Density per 1,000 Residents") +
  scale_color_brewer("Year", palette = "Blues") +
  theme(legend.position = "bottom", 
        legend.direction ="horizontal",
        legend.text = element_text(size = 8),
        legend.title = element_text(size = 8),
        plot.title = element_text(size = 14))

Figure 3: We show the age group trends. Although fast food availability may be linked to poorer health outcomes in theory, these trends are not present in our data. The absence of clear trends and the presence of some extreme outliers prevent us from making any conclusions.

Code

ggplot(nohhint_mortality_data, aes(x = mort_rate, y = nohhint_rate, color = as.factor(year))) +
  geom_jitter(alpha = 0.7) +
  facet_wrap(~age_group, scales = "free", ncol = 2) +
  theme_minimal() +
  labs(title = "Percent of Households with No Internet vs. Mortality Rate",
       subtitle = "Stratefied by Age Group",
       x = "Mortality Rate",
       y = "Percent of Households with No Internet at Home") +
  scale_color_brewer("Year", palette = "Blues") +
  theme(legend.position = "bottom", 
        legend.direction ="horizontal",
        legend.text = element_text(size = 8),
        legend.title = element_text(size = 8),
        plot.title = element_text(size = 14))

Figure 4: The plot shows a clear positive trend between mortality rate and lack of home internet access, in particular for ages 15-64. The trend is less pronounced in Infant, 1-14, and 65-84 age groups.

Code

ggplot(novhcl_mortality_data, aes(x = mort_rate, y = novhcl_rate, color = as.factor(year))) +
  geom_jitter(alpha = 0.7) +
  facet_wrap(~age_group, scales = "free", ncol = 2) +
  theme_minimal() +
  labs(title = "Percent of Households with No Vehicles Available vs. Mortality Rate",
       subtitle = "Stratefied by Age Group",
       x = "Mortality Rate",
       y = "Percent of Households with No Vehicles Available") +
  scale_color_brewer("Year", palette = "Blues") +
  theme(legend.position = "bottom", 
        legend.direction ="horizontal",
        legend.text = element_text(size = 8),
        legend.title = element_text(size = 8),
        plot.title = element_text(size = 14))

Figure 5: These results suggest that there is indeed a positive correlation between lower rates of vehicle availability and higher rates of mortality Again, the trend is less pronounced in Infant, 1-14, and 65-84 age groups.

Spatial Distribution of Mortality Rates by Year and Age Group

Figure 6 presents spatial maps of mortality rates across Baltimore from 2011 to 2018 for different age groups. Each row corresponds to an age group, and each column to a year. This figure was previously created for another class. In order to save some time, we added the image to the directory and call it directly.

Geographical Mortality Patterns: Hotspots for mortality consistently appear in certain areas of Baltimore. For example, areas in the northern and central regions exhibit high mortality rates across different age groups. Infant mortality appears to be much higher in a few central regions than in surrounding regions.
Temporal Changes: While certain hotspots remain constant, there are areas where mortality fluctuates. Some hotspots, particularly in the infant and 15-24 age groups, appear to have decreasing mortality rates over time. Other hotspots in the 65-84 group, for example, seem to have increasing mortality rates in more recent years.

Code

knitr::include_graphics(paste0(path,"/mortality_maps.png"))

source
dictionary
5 functions from tidyr/dplyr
3 plots using 3 different geoms; titles, subtitles, captions, human-understandable axisone image or table
at least 1 plot using facet grid/wrap
One image or tabel, saved from web
Two different callout blocks
.bib file with 3 citations
1 margin content

Results

The findings highlight significant spatial, temporal, and socioeconomic disparities in mortality rates across Baltimore. Key correlations emerged between mortality and the availability of vehicles, internet access, and fast food density, particularly among older age groups.

The socioeconomic associations with mortality rates can motivate important public health considerations. Although fast food density appears to have little association with mortality rate, there are clear associations between lower rates of home internet access and vehicle availability with higher mortality rate. The trend is less clear in infant and 1-14 age groups, potentially because these populations are less likely to rely on internet and vehicles in their daily life. Furthermore, these populations have very low mortality rates. Primary drivers of youth mortality may be due to issues other than the socioeconomic covariates we tested. Furthermore, in the 65-84 population, the associations are also less apparent. This can be, in part, explained by the fact that health conditions related to old age may have a stronger impact on mortality rates than socioeconomic conditions.

Some limitations of the study include that this analysis relies on correlation data and cannot make causal inferences. Further research should explore causal pathways and investigate additional socioeconomic factors that may contribute to the observed disparities in mortality.

This analysis highlights the complex interplay between socioeconomic factors and mortality rates across Baltimore. By focusing on both geographic and temporal trends, we have identified critical areas where public health interventions may be most effective in reducing mortality rates and addressing health disparities.

--- title: "Example Analysis" format: html: self-contained: true page-layout: full toc: true toc-title: Contents toc-location: left code-fold: true code-overflow: wrap code-tools: true theme: minty cap-location: bottom tbl-cap-location: top editor: visual execute: error: false warning: false message: false results: asis freeze: auto echo: true --- quarto-executable-code-5450563D ```r #| output: false #| echo: true #| eval: true # Load libraries library(tidyverse) library(jsonlite) library(dplyr) library(ggplot2) library(purrr) library(sf) library(knitr) path = here::here() ``` ## Objective In this analysis, we want to understand the mortality trends in Baltimore, focusing on how various socioeconomic factors, such as vehicle availability, internet access, and fast food density, affect mortality rates across different age groups. The target audience for the analysis includes anyone that might be curious about public health and the mortality trends in Baltimore. ## Data The data for this analysis was sourced from [Open Baltimore](https://data.baltimorecity.gov/search?q=*.) - a data set from the Baltimore City Health Department. Open Baltimore contains the urls for JSON files containing the data we need. Neighbourhood-specific mortality data for six different age groups (Infant, 1-14, 15-24, 25-44, 45-64, and 65-84) were collected for between 2011 and 2018. We also downloaded socioeconomic data such as Percent of Households with No Vehicle Available, Percent of Households with No Internet at Home, and Fast Food Outlet Density per 1,000 Residents. Next, we load the JSON files that were retrieved from the urls in Open Baltimore. ```{r, eval = F} # Load libraries library(tidyverse) # Load raw data open_baltimore = read.csv("data/raw/Open Baltimore.csv") # Filter data to only include rows that contain the word "mortality" mortality_data = open_baltimore %>% filter(grepl("mortality", title, ignore.case = TRUE) | grepl("mortality", description, ignore.case = TRUE)) # Download json mortality data mortality_urls = paste0(mortality_data$url, "/0/query?where=1%3D1&outFields=*&outSR=4326&f=json") ## Helper function to extract ages from the title of each mortality data file extract_ages = function(title) { if (!grepl("\\d+-\\d+", title)) { return("infant") } else { return(stringr::str_extract(title, regex("\\d+-\\d+"))) } } ages = mapply(extract_ages, mortality_data$title) mortality_filenames = paste0("data/json/mortality_", ages, ".json") mapply(curl::curl_download, urls, filenames) # Download the data for (1) percentage of households with no vehicles available, # (2) percentage of households with no internet at home, and (3) fast food # outlet density per 1,000 residents. socioeconomic_data = open_baltimore %>% filter(grepl("Percent of Households with No Vehicles Available", title, ignore.case = TRUE) | grepl("Percent of Households with No Internet at Home", title, ignore.case = TRUE) | grepl("Fast Food Outlet Density per 1,000 Residents", title, ignore.case = TRUE)) socioeconomic_urls = paste0(socioeconomic_data$url, "/0/query?where=1%3D1&outFields=*&outSR=4326&f=json") socioeconomic_filenames = c("data/json/fastfood.json", "data/json/no_vehicles.json", "data/json/no_internet.json") mapply(curl::curl_download, urls, filenames) ``` After loading the data, we extract important features, such as mortality rate and transform the data to long format for visualization. An example of how this is done is below. quarto-executable-code-5450563D ```r # Function to extract attributes from the JSON structure extract_attributes <- function(json_data) { map_df(json_data$features, ~ .x$attributes) } # Read mortality data for each age group mortality_infant <- read_json(paste0(path,"/data/json/mortality_infant.json")) %>% extract_attributes() mortality_1_14 <- read_json(paste0(path, "/data/json/mortality_1-14.json")) %>% extract_attributes() mortality_15_24 <- read_json(paste0(path, "/data/json/mortality_15-24.json")) %>% extract_attributes() mortality_25_44 <- read_json(paste0(path, "/data/json/mortality_25-44.json")) %>% extract_attributes() mortality_45_64 <- read_json(paste0(path, "/data/json/mortality_45-64.json")) %>% extract_attributes() mortality_65_84 <- read_json(paste0(path, "/data/json/mortality_65-84.json")) %>% extract_attributes() # Read predictor data (e.g., no internet, no vehicles, fast food) no_internet <- read_json(paste0(path, "/data/json/no_internet.json")) %>% extract_attributes() no_vehicles <- read_json(paste0(path, "/data/json/no_vehicles.json")) %>% extract_attributes() fast_food <- read_json(paste0(path, "/data/json/fastfood.json")) %>% extract_attributes() # Reshape data to long format for plotting reshape_to_long = function(data, age_group, prefix, value) { data %>% select(CSA2010, starts_with(prefix)) %>% pivot_longer(cols = starts_with(prefix), names_to = "year", values_to = paste0(value, "_rate")) %>% mutate(year = as.integer(str_extract(year, "\\d+$")), age_group = age_group) # data$mean = rep(mean(data$morality_rate), nrow(data)) } mortality_data <- bind_rows( reshape_to_long(mortality_infant, "Infant", "mort1", "mort"), reshape_to_long(mortality_1_14, "1-14", "mort14", "mort"), reshape_to_long(mortality_15_24, "15-24", "mort24", "mort"), reshape_to_long(mortality_25_44, "25-44", "mort44", "mort"), reshape_to_long(mortality_45_64, "45-64", "mort64", "mort"), reshape_to_long(mortality_65_84, "65-84", "mort84", "mort")) mortality_data$year = mortality_data$year + 2000 mean_mortality = mortality_data %>% group_by(age_group, year) %>% summarise(mean_mort = mean(mort_rate, na.rm = TRUE)) ``` After reading in theh JSON files and extracting our desired features, the data dictionary looks like this. quarto-executable-code-5450563D ```r head(mortality_data) ``` ## Results We used a variety of plots to visualize the relationships between socioeconomic covariates and mortality rates over time and across age groups. Scatter plots and trend lines were used to show correlations, and spatial maps were generated to highlight geographical variations in mortality. ::: {.callout-tip} ## Useful packages Here is a list of core functions that were used in the analysis: `ggplot2` : `geom_histogram()`, `geom_jitter()`, `geom_line()` `tidyr` : `pivot_longer()` `dplyr` : `group_by()`, `mutate()`, `select()`, `summarise()` ::: #### Mortality Over Time by Age Group @fig-1 visualizes mortality rates across multiple age groups (Infant, 1-14, 15-24, 25-44, 45-64, and 65-84) from 2011 to 2018. We notice that... - Infant Mortality: While lower than the older age groups, there are notable spikes in infant mortality, particularly in 2016. - Youth (1-14 and 15-24): These groups maintain relatively low mortality rates over time. - Older Age Groups (45-64 and 65-84): These groups consistently exhibit higher mortality rates compared to younger groups. The mortality rate in these groups shows some fluctuations, but overall, the trend remains stable over time. ```{r fig1} #| label: fig-1 #| fig-cap: "Mortality Over Time by Age Group" #| eval: true #| out-width: "65%" # Plot mortality rates for each age group over time ggplot(mortality_data, aes(x = as.factor(year), y = mort_rate, color = age_group)) + geom_jitter(alpha = 0.7) + geom_line(data = mean_mortality, aes(x = as.factor(year), y = mean_mort, group = age_group), size = 1.5) + facet_wrap(~age_group, scales = "free", ncol = 2) + theme_minimal() + labs(title = "Mortality Rate Over Time", subtitle = "Stratefied by Age Group", x = "Year", y = "Mortality Rate") + scale_color_brewer("Age Group", palette = "Blues") + theme(legend.position = c(.77,.98), legend.direction ="horizontal", legend.text = element_text(size = 8), legend.title = element_text(size = 8), strip.background = element_blank(), strip.text = element_blank()) ``` #### Socioeconomic Covariates vs. Mortality Rates The first panel shows the distributions of each socioeconomic covariate across Baltimore neighbourhoods. The remaining panels illustrate the relationships between each of the socioeconomic covariates and mortality rates, stratified by age group. For each covariate, we isolated the data to years where mortality data was also reported. ::: {.callout-note} Note that the caption in each panel summarizes some insights about the figure. ::: :::: panel-tabset #### Distribution of Sociodemographic Characteristics quarto-executable-code-5450563D ```r #| label: fig-2 #| fig-cap: "Visualizing the sociodemographic characteristics of the population." # Adding covariates to data frame fastfd_data = reshape_to_long(fast_food[,1:5], "", "Fastfd", "fastfd") %>% subset(select = -c(age_group)) fastfd_data$year = fastfd_data$year + 2000 fastfd_mortality_data = inner_join(mortality_data, fastfd_data, by = c("CSA2010", "year")) nohhint_data = reshape_to_long(no_internet[,1:4], "", "nohhint", "nohhint") %>% subset(select = -c(age_group)) nohhint_data$year = nohhint_data$year + 2000 nohhint_mortality_data = inner_join(mortality_data, nohhint_data, by = c("CSA2010", "year")) novhcl_data = reshape_to_long(no_vehicles[,1:10], "", "novhcl", "novhcl") %>% subset(select = -c(age_group)) novhcl_data$year = novhcl_data$year + 2000 novhcl_mortality_data = inner_join(mortality_data, novhcl_data, by = c("CSA2010", "year")) # Plot distribution of fast food density D1 = ggplot(fastfd_data, aes(x = fastfd_rate)) + geom_histogram(aes(y=..density..), bins = 50, alpha = 0.5, fill = "blue") + theme_minimal() + labs(title = "Distribution of Fast Food Outlet Density per 1,000 Residents", x = "Fast Food Outlet Density per 1,000 Residents", y = "Frequency") # Plot distribution of percentage of households with no internet D2 = ggplot(nohhint_data, aes(x = nohhint_rate)) + geom_histogram(aes(y=..density..), bins = 50, alpha = 0.5, fill = "blue") + theme_minimal() + labs(title = "Distribution of Percent of Households with No Internet at Home", x = "Percent of Households with No Internet at Home", y = "Frequency") # Plot distribution of percentage of households with no internet D3 = ggplot(novhcl_data, aes(x = novhcl_rate)) + geom_histogram(aes(y=..density..), bins = 50, alpha = 0.5, fill = "blue") + theme_minimal() + labs(title = "Distribution of Percent of Households with No Vehicles Available", x = "Percent of Households with No Vehicles Available", y = "Frequency") gridExtra::grid.arrange(D1, D2, D3, ncol = 1) ``` - Fast Food Outlet Density: The distribution is heavily skewed towards low fast food density per 1,000 residents with a few outliers. - Percentage of Households with No Internet at Home: A notable proportion of households have no internet access, with the distribution showing multiple peaks around 15-20% and 25-35%. - Percentage of Households with No Vehicles Availabile: A notable percentage of households lack vehicle access, with the median falling around 30% and some areas reaching over 60%. #### Fast Food Outlet Density and Mortality Rate Correlation quarto-executable-code-5450563D ```r #| label: fig-3 #| fig-cap: "We show the age group trends. Although fast food availability may be linked to poorer health outcomes in theory, these trends are not present in our data. The absence of clear trends and the presence of some extreme outliers prevent us from making any conclusions." # Relationship between Fast Food Density and Mortality ggplot(fastfd_mortality_data, aes(x = mort_rate, y = fastfd_rate, color = as.factor(year))) + geom_jitter(alpha = 0.7) + geom_smooth() + facet_wrap(~age_group, scales = "free", ncol = 2) + theme_minimal() + labs(title = "Fast Food Density vs. Mortality Rate", subtitle = "Stratefied by Age Group", x = "Mortality Rate", y = "Fast Food Outlet Density per 1,000 Residents") + scale_color_brewer("Year", palette = "Blues") + theme(legend.position = "bottom", legend.direction ="horizontal", legend.text = element_text(size = 8), legend.title = element_text(size = 8), plot.title = element_text(size = 14)) ``` #### Home Internet Access and Mortality Rate Correlation quarto-executable-code-5450563D ```r #| label: fig-4 #| fig-cap: "The plot shows a clear positive trend between mortality rate and lack of home internet access, in particular for ages 15-64. The trend is less pronounced in Infant, 1-14, and 65-84 age groups." ggplot(nohhint_mortality_data, aes(x = mort_rate, y = nohhint_rate, color = as.factor(year))) + geom_jitter(alpha = 0.7) + facet_wrap(~age_group, scales = "free", ncol = 2) + theme_minimal() + labs(title = "Percent of Households with No Internet vs. Mortality Rate", subtitle = "Stratefied by Age Group", x = "Mortality Rate", y = "Percent of Households with No Internet at Home") + scale_color_brewer("Year", palette = "Blues") + theme(legend.position = "bottom", legend.direction ="horizontal", legend.text = element_text(size = 8), legend.title = element_text(size = 8), plot.title = element_text(size = 14)) ``` #### Vehicle Access and Mortality Rate Correlation quarto-executable-code-5450563D ```r #| label: fig-5 #| fig-cap: "These results suggest that there is indeed a positive correlation between lower rates of vehicle availability and higher rates of mortality Again, the trend is less pronounced in Infant, 1-14, and 65-84 age groups." ggplot(novhcl_mortality_data, aes(x = mort_rate, y = novhcl_rate, color = as.factor(year))) + geom_jitter(alpha = 0.7) + facet_wrap(~age_group, scales = "free", ncol = 2) + theme_minimal() + labs(title = "Percent of Households with No Vehicles Available vs. Mortality Rate", subtitle = "Stratefied by Age Group", x = "Mortality Rate", y = "Percent of Households with No Vehicles Available") + scale_color_brewer("Year", palette = "Blues") + theme(legend.position = "bottom", legend.direction ="horizontal", legend.text = element_text(size = 8), legend.title = element_text(size = 8), plot.title = element_text(size = 14)) ``` :::: ### Spatial Distribution of Mortality Rates by Year and Age Group @fig-6 presents spatial maps of mortality rates across Baltimore from 2011 to 2018 for different age groups. Each row corresponds to an age group, and each column to a year. This figure was previously created for another class. In order to save some time, we added the image to the directory and call it directly. - Geographical Mortality Patterns: Hotspots for mortality consistently appear in certain areas of Baltimore. For example, areas in the northern and central regions exhibit high mortality rates across different age groups. Infant mortality appears to be much higher in a few central regions than in surrounding regions. - Temporal Changes: While certain hotspots remain constant, there are areas where mortality fluctuates. Some hotspots, particularly in the infant and 15-24 age groups, appear to have decreasing mortality rates over time. Other hotspots in the 65-84 group, for example, seem to have increasing mortality rates in more recent years. ```{r fig9} #| label: fig-6 #| fig-cap: "Baltimore Mortality Map" #| eval: true knitr::include_graphics(paste0(path,"/mortality_maps.png")) ``` - source - dictionary - 5 functions from tidyr/dplyr - 3 plots using 3 different geoms; titles, subtitles, captions, human-understandable axisone image or table - at least 1 plot using facet grid/wrap - One image or tabel, saved from web - Two different callout blocks - .bib file with 3 citations - 1 margin content ## Results The findings highlight significant spatial, temporal, and socioeconomic disparities in mortality rates across Baltimore. Key correlations emerged between mortality and the availability of vehicles, internet access, and fast food density, particularly among older age groups. The socioeconomic associations with mortality rates can motivate important public health considerations. Although fast food density appears to have little association with mortality rate, there are clear associations between lower rates of home internet access and vehicle availability with higher mortality rate. The trend is less clear in infant and 1-14 age groups, potentially because these populations are less likely to rely on internet and vehicles in their daily life. Furthermore, these populations have very low mortality rates. Primary drivers of youth mortality may be due to issues other than the socioeconomic covariates we tested. Furthermore, in the 65-84 population, the associations are also less apparent. This can be, in part, explained by the fact that health conditions related to old age may have a stronger impact on mortality rates than socioeconomic conditions. Some limitations of the study include that this analysis relies on correlation data and cannot make causal inferences. Further research should explore causal pathways and investigate additional socioeconomic factors that may contribute to the observed disparities in mortality. This analysis highlights the complex interplay between socioeconomic factors and mortality rates across Baltimore. By focusing on both geographic and temporal trends, we have identified critical areas where public health interventions may be most effective in reducing mortality rates and addressing health disparities.